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This text timeline follows the progress of the Spanish Portolá expedition (1769-1770), the first European land entry and exploration of the present-day state of California, in the United States. A precise timeline can be constructed from a daily diary kept by missionary Juan Crespi - the only diarist present during the entire expedition. Other partial diaries have also survived, by leader Gaspar de Portolá, engineer Miguel Costansó, missionary Junípero Serra, army officer Jose de Canizares and Sergeant José Ortega. Together, they provide detailed daily information on the route traveled and camping locations, as well as descriptions of the country and its native inhabitants. The Pacifica Historical Society website includes a very useful formatting of the three most complete diaries side-by-side for each day of the expedition from July 14 on.〔(Three Portolá Expedition Diaries )〕 ==Background== The Portolá expedition was the brainchild of José de Gálvez, ''visitador'' (inspector general, a personal representative of the king) in New Spain. On his recommendation, King Charles III of Spain authorized Gálvez to explore Alta California and establish the first permanent Spanish presence there. Gálvez was supported in the planning of an expedition by Carlos Francisco de Croix (Viceroy of New Spain), and Father Junípero Serra (head of the Franciscan mission to the Californias). Gálvez and Serra met in November, 1768, to plan the expedition. The goals set were to establish two Presidios and nearby missions - at San Diego and Monterrey (one "r" has since been dropped). These places had been described and given names 166 years before by the maritime explorations of Sebastián Vizcaíno. In addition, the name San Carlos Borromeo was chosen for the mission at Monterrey.〔Richman, Irving Berdine (1911). (''California Under Spain and Mexico: 1535-1847'' ) Google Books, p. 68, retrieved January 2015〕 Gálvez placed Gaspar de Portolá, recently appointed governor of Las Californias, in overall command of the expedition. Second in command was Captain Fernando Rivera y Moncada, commander of the Presidio at Loreto. Serra headed the Franciscan missionary contingent. Three ships were also assigned: two to follow the land march up the coast and keep the expedition supplied from the naval depot at La Paz (on the Baja peninsula), and another ship to connect La Paz with the mainland at San Blas. The expedition set out in 1769 and marched from Baja California to San Diego; then from San Diego to the San Francisco Peninsula and back. Rivera led the first group, consisting mainly of soldiers, scouts and engineers to prepare the road and deal with hostile natives. Portolá and Serra followed in a second group with the civilians, livestock and baggage. Serra stayed with the new mission in San Diego while Portolá and Rivera took a smaller group north. Led by Rivera's scouts, the road followed established native paths as much as possible (the southern and central California coastal areas were found to have the densest native population of any region north of central Mexico), and blazing new trails where necessary. The two main requirements for a camping place were an adequate supply of drinkable fresh water and forage for the livestock. For that reason, most of the campsites were near creeks, ponds or springs. All three of the main land expedition diaries give daily distances traveled in ''leagues''. As used at that time, one Spanish league equaled about 2.6 miles. A typical day's march covered 2-4 leagues, with frequent rest days. The following year (1770), Portolá returned north as far as Monterrey to establish the second Presidio there establish a new provincial seat. Serra came north by sea to make the Mission San Carlos Borromeo del rio Carmelo (moved a few miles south from its original Monterrey location) his headquarters. Portolá's successor as governor, Pedro Fages, found an easier inland route later in 1770 from Monterrey to San Francisco Bay, and further explored the eastern side of the bay in 1772. (accompanied again by padre Juan Crespí, who again kept a diary). The 1776 expedition of Juan Bautista de Anza used the official Portolá expedition report (drawn from the diaries) to follow mostly in the footsteps of Portolá from Mission San Gabriel to Monterrey, taking the Fages route from Monterrey to San Francisco Bay. Much of today's Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail in coastal California was previously the Portolá trail. Sixteen of the twenty-one Spanish Missions of California were established along the Portolá route. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Timeline of the Portolá expedition」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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